Resources | LINC-AD | Alzheimer’s Association

		DCPR Area	Measure
DCPR Area: Behavior Measure: Psychosocial Resistance to Activities of Daily Living Index (PRADLI) Construct: resistance to care Description: Caregiver subjective retrospective measure representing a scaling procedure to capture dependency due to resistiveness to care Number of Items: 8 Item Response Format: 7-point Likert style response ranging from 1 (non-cooperative and independent) to 7 (motivated, oriented, and independent) Reliability: internal consistency 0.88; item level test-retest Validity: correlation with FASTr= -0.56, individual items correlated with Katz ADL - range r 0.30 to 0.98 Intended Population: long-term care residents PC MET Scores: 3 PC MET: Pragmatism; Biopsychosocial-cultural; Systemic focus Source: Clifford PA, Cipher DJ, Roper KD. Assessing resistance to activities of daily living in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003; 4(6): 313-319.	1	Behavior	Psychosocial Resistance to Activities of Daily Living Index (PRADLI)
DCPR Area: Behavior Measure: Resistiveness To Care- revised (RTC-r) Construct: resistance to care Description: Observational rating scale developed to quantify care-resistant behavior Number of Items: 13 Item Response Format: frequency x intensity (mild, moderate, severe) Reliability: Inter-rater reliability 0.87 to 1.0 Validity: Correlated with a visual analogue scale that measures global restiveness r = 0.92 Intended Population: People living with dementia/Alzheimer's disease PC MET Scores: 5 PC MET: Co-creation; Pragmatism; Incoporation; Biopsyhosocial-cultural; Systemic focus Source: Jablonski-Jaudon RA, Winstead V, Jones-Townsend C, Azuero A, Mahoney E, Kolanowski AM. Revising the resistiveness to care scale. J Nurs Meas. 2016; 24(2): 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.2.E72	2	Behavior	Resistiveness To Care- revised (RTC-r)
DCPR Area: Assessment Measure: Group Observational Measurement of Engagement (GOME) Construct: activity engagment Description: Observer rating scale of individual and group engagment in activities for people living with dementia Number of Items: 8 Item Response Format: 6-point Likert style Reliability: ICC per item ranges 0.75 to 1.0 Validity: Construct validity demonstrated for individual engagement sub scale based on intercorrelations. Two distinct constructs emerged: engagement and attendance Intended Population: People living with dementia PC MET Scores: 5 PC MET: Co-creation, Accommodation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component Source: Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hai, T., & Comishen, M. (2017). Group engagement in persons with dementia: The concept and its measurement. Psychiatry research, 251, 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.013	3	Assessment	Group Observational Measurement of Engagement (GOME)
DCPR Area: Assessment Measure: Engagement and Independence in Dementia Questionnaire (EID-Q) Construct: Engagment & independence Description: Self-report of engagement and independence; five subscales: activities of daily living, decision making, activity engagement, support, reciprocity Number of Items: 26 Item Response Format: 5-point Likert style response reflecting frequency Reliability: internal consistency 0.92; test-retest stability 0 Validity: QoL-AD r = 0.682; GDS r = -0.74 Intended Population: People living with dementia PC MET Scores: 5 PC MET: Co-creation, Accommodation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component Source: Stoner, C. R., Orrell, M., & Spector, A. (2018). Psychometric Properties and Factor Analysis of the Engagement and Independence in Dementia Questionnaire (EID-Q). Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 46(3-4), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488484	4	Assessment	Engagement and Independence in Dementia Questionnaire (EID-Q)
DCPR Area: Environment Measure: Artifacts of Culture Change (ACC) Construct: culture change in care homes Description: "fills the purpose of collecting the major concrete changes homes have made to care and workplace practices, policies, and schedules, increased resident autonomy, and improved environment" Number of Items: 79 Item Response Format: 3-point rating (fully implemented, partially implemented, or not a current practice) Reliability: none reported Validity: none reported Intended Population: nursing homes PC MET Scores: 5 PC MET: Co-creation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component, Systemic focus Source: Bowman C. Development of the Artifacts of Culture Change Tool. Edu-Catering; 2006: 63; Bowman C, Schoeneman K, Artifacts of Culture Change 2.0. Pioneer Network; 2021.	5	Environment	Artifacts of Culture Change (ACC)
DCPR Area: Environment Measure: Professional Environmental Assessment Protocol (PEAP) Construct: nine dimensions of place experience Description: PEAP is specifically based on a set of therapeutic goals derived from the literature and is focused on evaluating SCUs Number of Items: 9 dimensions Item Response Format: 5-point rating scale Reliability: Inter-rater reliability kappa 0.69-0.85 Validity: correlates with TESS (r = 0.55) Intended Population: people living with dementia PC MET Scores: 3 PC MET: Pragmatism, Biopsyhosocial-cultural component, Systemic focus Source: Lawton, M. P., Weisman, G. D., Sloane, P., Norris-Baker, C., Calkins, M., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2000). Professional environmental assessment procedure for special care units for elders with dementing illness and its relationship to the therapeutic environment screening schedule. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 14(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-200001000-00004	6	Environment	Professional Environmental Assessment Protocol (PEAP)
DCPR Area: Care transitions Measure: Desire to Institutionalize Scale (DTI) Construct: anticipated plans to institutionalize care recipie Description: Caregiver rating of plans to institutionalize over past six months Number of Items: 6 Item Response Format: yes/no Reliability: Cronbach's alpha 0.72 Validity: positively correlated with burden, potentially harmful behavior, and daily/behavioral bother Intended Population: Family caregivers for people living with dementia PC MET Scores: 3 PC MET: Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychsocial-cultural component Source: Morycz R. K. (1985). Caregiving strain and the desire to institutionalize family members with Alzheimer's disease. Possible predictors and model development. Research on aging, 7(3), 329-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027585007003002	7	Care transitions	Desire to Institutionalize Scale (DTI)
DCPR Area: Care transitions Measure: Johns Hopkins Dementia Care Needs Assessment (JHDCNA) Construct: unmet needs of care Description: used to identify participant and caregiver dementia-related needs Number of Items: 86 Item Response Format: two ratings: need (yes or no); need met (yes or no) Reliability: none reported Validity: concurrent validity with QoL Intended Population: people with cognitive impairment - MCI to severe dementia PC MET Scores: 4 PC MET: Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychsocial-cultural component, Systemic focus Source: Johnston, D., Samus, Q. M., Morrison, A., Leoutsakos, J. S., Hicks, K., Handel, S., Rye, R., Robbins, B., Rabins, P. V., Lyketsos, C. G., & Black, B. S. (2011). Identification of community-residing individuals with dementia and their unmet needs for care. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 26(3), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2527	8	Care transitions	Johns Hopkins Dementia Care Needs Assessment (JHDCNA)
DCPR Area: Education, information, support Measure: Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale Construct: knowledge of Alzheimer's disease Description: update of Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Test Number of Items: 30 Item Response Format: true/false Reliability: Cronbach's alpha 0.71; test-retest 0.81 Validity: content, predictive, concurrent, and convergent Intended Population: general public PC MET Scores: 6 PC MET: Co-creation, Accommodation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component, Systemic focus Source: Carpenter, B. D., Balsis, S., Otilingam, P. G., Hanson, P. K., & Gatz, M. (2009). The Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale: development and psychometric properties. The Gerontologist, 49(2), 236-247. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp023	9	Education, information, support	Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale
DCPR Area: Education, information, support Measure: Strength Based Inventory Construct: well-functioning aspects of physical, psychological and social aspects of life Description: Clinical interview about client's strengths Number of Items: Item Response Format: open ended responses across five domains: physical, social support, life roles, employment/hobbies, history/culture Reliability: none reported Validity: none reported Intended Population: care recipient and care partner PC MET Scores: 6 PC MET: Co-creation, Accommodation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component, Systemic focus Source: Orsulic-Jeras S, Shepard JB, Britton PJ. (2003) Counseling older adults with HIV/AIDS: a strength-basedmodel of treatment. JMent Health Couns, 25(3), 233-244.	10	Education, information, support	Strength Based Inventory

	DCPR Area	Measure	Construct	Description	Number of Items	Item Response Format	Reliability	Validity	Intended Population	PC MET Scores	PC MET	Source
1	Behavior	Psychosocial Resistance to Activities of Daily Living Index (PRADLI)	resistance to care	Caregiver subjective retrospective measure representing a scaling procedure to capture dependency due to resistiveness to care	8	7-point Likert style response ranging from 1 (non-cooperative and independent) to 7 (motivated, oriented, and independent)	internal consistency 0.88; item level test-retest	correlation with FASTr= -0.56, individual items correlated with Katz ADL - range r 0.30 to 0.98	long-term care residents	3	Pragmatism; Biopsychosocial-cultural; Systemic focus	Clifford PA, Cipher DJ, Roper KD. Assessing resistance to activities of daily living in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003; 4(6): 313-319.
2	Behavior	Resistiveness To Care- revised (RTC-r)	resistance to care	Observational rating scale developed to quantify care-resistant behavior	13	frequency x intensity (mild, moderate, severe)	Inter-rater reliability 0.87 to 1.0	Correlated with a visual analogue scale that measures global restiveness r = 0.92	People living with dementia/Alzheimer's disease	5	Co-creation; Pragmatism; Incoporation; Biopsyhosocial-cultural; Systemic focus	Jablonski-Jaudon RA, Winstead V, Jones-Townsend C, Azuero A, Mahoney E, Kolanowski AM. Revising the resistiveness to care scale. J Nurs Meas. 2016; 24(2): 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.2.E72
3	Assessment	Group Observational Measurement of Engagement (GOME)	activity engagment	Observer rating scale of individual and group engagment in activities for people living with dementia	8	6-point Likert style	ICC per item ranges 0.75 to 1.0	Construct validity demonstrated for individual engagement sub scale based on intercorrelations. Two distinct constructs emerged: engagement and attendance	People living with dementia	5	Co-creation, Accommodation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component	Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hai, T., & Comishen, M. (2017). Group engagement in persons with dementia: The concept and its measurement. Psychiatry research, 251, 237-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.013
4	Assessment	Engagement and Independence in Dementia Questionnaire (EID-Q)	Engagment & independence	Self-report of engagement and independence; five subscales: activities of daily living, decision making, activity engagement, support, reciprocity	26	5-point Likert style response reflecting frequency	internal consistency 0.92; test-retest stability 0	QoL-AD r = 0.682; GDS r = -0.74	People living with dementia	5	Co-creation, Accommodation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component	Stoner, C. R., Orrell, M., & Spector, A. (2018). Psychometric Properties and Factor Analysis of the Engagement and Independence in Dementia Questionnaire (EID-Q). Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 46(3-4), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488484
5	Environment	Artifacts of Culture Change (ACC)	culture change in care homes	"fills the purpose of collecting the major concrete changes homes have made to care and workplace practices, policies, and schedules, increased resident autonomy, and improved environment"	79	3-point rating (fully implemented, partially implemented, or not a current practice)	none reported	none reported	nursing homes	5	Co-creation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component, Systemic focus	Bowman C. Development of the Artifacts of Culture Change Tool. Edu-Catering; 2006: 63; Bowman C, Schoeneman K, Artifacts of Culture Change 2.0. Pioneer Network; 2021.
6	Environment	Professional Environmental Assessment Protocol (PEAP)	nine dimensions of place experience	PEAP is specifically based on a set of therapeutic goals derived from the literature and is focused on evaluating SCUs	9 dimensions	5-point rating scale	Inter-rater reliability kappa 0.69-0.85	correlates with TESS (r = 0.55)	people living with dementia	3	Pragmatism, Biopsyhosocial-cultural component, Systemic focus	Lawton, M. P., Weisman, G. D., Sloane, P., Norris-Baker, C., Calkins, M., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2000). Professional environmental assessment procedure for special care units for elders with dementing illness and its relationship to the therapeutic environment screening schedule. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 14(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-200001000-00004
7	Care transitions	Desire to Institutionalize Scale (DTI)	anticipated plans to institutionalize care recipie	Caregiver rating of plans to institutionalize over past six months	6	yes/no	Cronbach's alpha 0.72	positively correlated with burden, potentially harmful behavior, and daily/behavioral bother	Family caregivers for people living with dementia	3	Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychsocial-cultural component	Morycz R. K. (1985). Caregiving strain and the desire to institutionalize family members with Alzheimer's disease. Possible predictors and model development. Research on aging, 7(3), 329-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027585007003002
8	Care transitions	Johns Hopkins Dementia Care Needs Assessment (JHDCNA)	unmet needs of care	used to identify participant and caregiver dementia-related needs	86	two ratings: need (yes or no); need met (yes or no)	none reported	concurrent validity with QoL	people with cognitive impairment - MCI to severe dementia	4	Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychsocial-cultural component, Systemic focus	Johnston, D., Samus, Q. M., Morrison, A., Leoutsakos, J. S., Hicks, K., Handel, S., Rye, R., Robbins, B., Rabins, P. V., Lyketsos, C. G., & Black, B. S. (2011). Identification of community-residing individuals with dementia and their unmet needs for care. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 26(3), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2527
9	Education, information, support	Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale	knowledge of Alzheimer's disease	update of Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Test	30	true/false	Cronbach's alpha 0.71; test-retest 0.81	content, predictive, concurrent, and convergent	general public	6	Co-creation, Accommodation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component, Systemic focus	Carpenter, B. D., Balsis, S., Otilingam, P. G., Hanson, P. K., & Gatz, M. (2009). The Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale: development and psychometric properties. The Gerontologist, 49(2), 236-247. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp023
10	Education, information, support	Strength Based Inventory	well-functioning aspects of physical, psychological and social aspects of life	Clinical interview about client's strengths		open ended responses across five domains: physical, social support, life roles, employment/hobbies, history/culture	none reported	none reported	care recipient and care partner	6	Co-creation, Accommodation, Pragmatism, Incorporation, Biopsychosocial-cultural component, Systemic focus	Orsulic-Jeras S, Shepard JB, Britton PJ. (2003) Counseling older adults with HIV/AIDS: a strength-basedmodel of treatment. JMent Health Couns, 25(3), 233-244.

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